Investigate in vitro wound healing effects and the anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activities of terpinolene and α-phellandrene. The in vitro stimulatory effects on the proliferation and migration of fibroblasts were assessed using the scratch assay. The anti-inflammatory activity was evaluated using cell-based assays by investigating their influence on nitric oxide (NO), superoxide anion (O2•-), tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) and interleukin 6 (IL-6) production and using the TNF-α-induced nuclear factor kappa (NF-κB) assay. Antioxidant activity was determined by the ABTS cation radical scavenging capacity, ferric reducing/antioxidant potential (FRAP), and NO free radical scavenging assays. Terpinolene and α-phellandrene significantly increased the migration and proliferation of fibroblasts and suppressed the pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-6 and TNF-α in a dose-dependent manner. Terpinolene and α-phellandrene at a concentration of 100 μM significantly inhibited NO production (41.3 and 63.8%, respectively) in a macrophage cell-culture-based assay, and resulted in reductions in O2•- production of 82.1 ± 3.5% and 70.6 ± 4.3%, respectively. Moreover, these monoterpenes were verified to suppress NF-κB activity. In summary, terpinolene and α-phellandrene may contribute to broadening clinical options in the treatment of wounds by attenuating inflammation and oxidative stress in vitro.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30792116/

A few studies also mention the sedative properties of terpinolene, making it a candidate for a natural remedy against insomnia. Its mild yet effective depressant action on the central nervous system could also be applied to the reduction of psychological excitement and anxiety.

https://europepmc.org/article/MED/23339024

Due to its unique ability to bind with CB2 receptors, Beta-caryophyllene has potent anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, antibacterial, and antioxidant properties. It is known to help relieve anxiety and pain, reduce cholesterol, prevent Osteoporosis, and treat seizures BCP was found to elicit a full agonist action on cannabinoid type 2 (CB2) receptors, a G-protein coupled receptor representing important therapeutic target in several diseases. Activation of CB2 receptors notably appeared devoid of psychotropic adverse effect of cannabinoids contrary to the CB1 receptors. In addition, it activates peroxisome proliferated activator receptors (PPARs) isoforms; PPAR-α &-γ and inhibits pathways triggered by the activation of toll like receptor complex; CD14/TLR4/MD2, reduce immuneinflammatory processes and exhibit synergy with µ-opioid receptor dependent pathways. Additionally, it found as potent antagonist of homomeric nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (α7-nAChRs) and devoid of effects mediated by serotonergic and GABAergic receptors. It also modulates numerous molecular targets by altering their gene expression, signaling pathways or through direct interaction. Various pharmacological activities such as cardioprotective, hepatoprotective, gastroprotective, neuroprotective, nephroprotective, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial and immune-modulator have been reported in experimental studies. It has shown potent therapeutic promise in neuropathic pain, neurodegenerative and metabolic diseases.

Can be a novel candidate for various pathologies considering the polypharmacological and multifaceted therapeutic properties potential along with favorable oral bioavailability, lipophilicity and physicochemical properties.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26965491/

Myrcia sphaerocarpa, a medicinal shrub from Brazil traditionally used to treat diabetes, diarrhea, dysentery, and hypertension (Ulbricht, 2011). The main reported biological properties of β-myrcene—anxiolytic, antioxidant, anti-ageing, anti-inflammatory, analgesic properties—are discussed, with the mechanisms of activity. Here we also discuss recent data regarding the safety of β-myrcene. Overall, β-myrcene has shown promising health benefits in many animal studies. However, studies conducted in humans is lacking. In the future, there is potential for the formulation and production of non-alcoholic beers, functional foods and drinks, and cannabis extracts (low in THC) rich in β-myrcene.

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8326332/

B-myrcene is a natural compound with a stellar safety profile which could significantly improve immune functions, as well as decrease pain sensation in patients suffering from inflammatory as well as chronic pain. Given the known anti-inflammatory and antinociceptive effects of cannabis, it is important to discern the qualities that can provide the correct terpene synergy to manage different disorders such as ostheoarthritis, neuropathic pain or dermatitis. (2,21,22) Some cannabis strain more than others contain high levels of myrcene, usually those with more “sedative” effects, which, by the recreational world, have been called “indica plants”. Although the mechanism of function of myrcene is not fully understood yet, it is evident its promising role in the treatment of inflammation and pain. Better understanding of myrcene interactions within the cannabis plant and its clinical effect in humans may contribute to the developing of specific cannabis genetics to target at best inflammatory disorders.

https://www.fundacion-canna.es/en/anti-inflammatory-anti-nociceptive-properties-v-myrcene