Due to its unique ability to bind with CB2 receptors, Beta-caryophyllene has potent anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, antibacterial, and antioxidant properties. It is known to help relieve anxiety and pain, reduce cholesterol, prevent Osteoporosis, and treat seizures BCP was found to elicit a full agonist action on cannabinoid type 2 (CB2) receptors, a G-protein coupled receptor representing important therapeutic target in several diseases. Activation of CB2 receptors notably appeared devoid of psychotropic adverse effect of cannabinoids contrary to the CB1 receptors. In addition, it activates peroxisome proliferated activator receptors (PPARs) isoforms; PPAR-α &-γ and inhibits pathways triggered by the activation of toll like receptor complex; CD14/TLR4/MD2, reduce immuneinflammatory processes and exhibit synergy with µ-opioid receptor dependent pathways. Additionally, it found as potent antagonist of homomeric nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (α7-nAChRs) and devoid of effects mediated by serotonergic and GABAergic receptors. It also modulates numerous molecular targets by altering their gene expression, signaling pathways or through direct interaction. Various pharmacological activities such as cardioprotective, hepatoprotective, gastroprotective, neuroprotective, nephroprotective, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial and immune-modulator have been reported in experimental studies. It has shown potent therapeutic promise in neuropathic pain, neurodegenerative and metabolic diseases.

Can be a novel candidate for various pathologies considering the polypharmacological and multifaceted therapeutic properties potential along with favorable oral bioavailability, lipophilicity and physicochemical properties.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26965491/

Antimicrobial, apoptotic, antimetastatic, and antibiotic properties (Cote, n.d.). α-pinene is one promising agent for the treatment of various inflammatory diseases as it has been found to suppress MAPKs and the NF-κB pathway (Kim et al., 2015). The inflammation associated with acute pancreatitis is considerably reduced by treatment with α-pinene in vivo via the downregulation of TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6 (De Cássia Da Silveira E Sá et al., 2013). reduced histological damage and myeloperoxidase activity in the pancreas and lungs of cerulein-induced AP in laboratory rats (Bae et al., 2012). Mechanistic studies have also shown neutralized production of pancreatic (TNF)-α, IL-1β, and IL-6, thereby negating the inflamogen induced inflammatory changes (Bae et al., 2012)

https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/agricultural-and-biological-sciences/alpha-pinene

Treatment of bladder, kidney, and urinary stones.

https://go.drugbank.com/drugs/DB15574

α- and β-pinene are well-known representatives of the monoterpenes group, and are found in many plants’ essential oils. A wide range of pharmacological activities have been reported, including antibiotic resistance modulation, anticoagulant, antitumor, antimicrobial, antimalarial, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-Leishmania, and analgesic effects. This article aims to summarize the most prominent effects of α- and β-pinene, namely their cytogenetic, gastroprotective, anxiolytic, cytoprotective, anticonvulsant, and neuroprotective effects, as well as their effects against H2O2-stimulated oxidative stress, pancreatitis, stress-stimulated hyperthermia, and pulpal pain.

https://www.researchgate.net/publication/337275481_Therapeutic_Potential_of_a-_and_b-Pinene_A_Miracle_Gift_of_Nature